The populate_network_meta WordPress PHP filter allows you to modify the metadata of a network during its creation process.
Usage
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'your_custom_function', 10, 2);
function your_custom_function($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    // your custom code here
    return $sitemeta;
}
Parameters
- $sitemeta: array – Associative array of network meta keys and values to be inserted.
- $network_id: int – ID of the network to populate.
More information
See WordPress Developer Resources: populate_network_meta
Examples
Set a custom value for a network
Set a custom value ‘custom_value’ with the key ‘custom_key’ for a newly created network.
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'set_custom_value', 10, 2);
function set_custom_value($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    $sitemeta['custom_key'] = 'custom_value';
    return $sitemeta;
}
Set network language
Set the language of a newly created network to Spanish.
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'set_network_language', 10, 2);
function set_network_language($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    $sitemeta['WPLANG'] = 'es_ES';
    return $sitemeta;
}
Enable default theme
Enable a default theme for a newly created network.
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'enable_default_theme', 10, 2);
function enable_default_theme($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    $sitemeta['default_theme'] = 'your_theme_slug';
    return $sitemeta;
}
Disable comments
Disable comments for a newly created network by default.
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'disable_comments', 10, 2);
function disable_comments($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    $sitemeta['default_comment_status'] = 'closed';
    return $sitemeta;
}
Set custom upload limit
Set a custom upload limit of 20MB for a newly created network.
add_filter('populate_network_meta', 'set_upload_limit', 10, 2);
function set_upload_limit($sitemeta, $network_id) {
    $sitemeta['fileupload_maxk'] = 20480;
    return $sitemeta;
}